AHN (MSN ) 2 Mark Questions

(some answers are ai generated, reference purpose only, please look it some more questions)

1. Enlist the types of Amputation: The types of amputation include below-knee amputation, above-knee amputation, arm amputation, and hand amputation.
2. Define Thoracentesis: Thoracentesis is a procedure that involves removing fluid or air from the pleural space with a needle for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
3. Enlist any four clinical features of Cretinism: The clinical features of cretinism include stunted physical growth, delayed mental development, thickened facial features, and enlarged tongue.
4. Define Herpes Zoster: Herpes Zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus, characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters.
5. Enumerate the types of Hemorrhoids: The types of hemorrhoids include internal hemorrhoids, external hemorrhoids, thrombosed hemorrhoids, and prolapsed hemorrhoids.
6. Classify Anaesthesia: Anaesthesia can be classified into general anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia, local anaesthesia, and sedation.
7. Enumerate the Drugs used in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Drugs used in benign prostatic hyperplasia include alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and combination therapy.
8. List Four Clinical Manifestations of Addison’s Disease: Clinical manifestations of Addison’s disease include fatigue, hyperpigmentation, weight loss, and hyponatremia.
9. Enumerate the role of Circulatory Nurse: The role of a circulatory nurse includes managing the sterile field, providing instruments and supplies, and documenting the surgical procedure.
10. Define Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood.
11. Define Hypospadias: Hypospadias is a congenital condition in males where the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip.
12. Enumerate the causes of Psoriasis: Causes of psoriasis include genetic predisposition, immune system dysfunction, environmental triggers, and stress.
13. Enlist the types of Hernia: Types of hernia include inguinal hernia, femoral hernia, umbilical hernia, and hiatal hernia.
14. Define Pneumothorax: Pneumothorax is the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse.
15. Name two classical signs of Tetany: Two classical signs of tetany are Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign.
16. Enumerate the complications of Arthritis: Complications of arthritis include joint damage, decreased mobility, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis.
17. Define Pott’s Disease: Pott’s disease is a form of tuberculosis that occurs outside the lungs, typically affecting the spine and leading to vertebral collapse.
18. List two purposes of traction: Two purposes of traction are to align and stabilize fractures and to reduce muscle spasms and pain.
19. List the types of jaundice: Types of jaundice include pre-hepatic jaundice, hepatic jaundice, and post-hepatic jaundice.
20. List down the two opportunistic infections of AIDS: Two opportunistic infections of AIDS are Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and Kaposi’s sarcoma.
21. List two complications of Tracheostomy: Two complications of tracheostomy are infection and tracheal stenosis.
22. Write four clinical manifestations of Pulmonary edema: Clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema include shortness of breath, pink frothy sputum, chest pain, and wheezing.
23. Mention two investigations done to rule out Vascular disease: Two investigations done to rule out vascular disease are Doppler ultrasound and angiography.
24. Define Fumigation: Fumigation is a pest control method that involves filling an area with gaseous pesticides to suffocate or poison pests.
25. Enumerate the stages of Illness: The stages of illness include incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence.
26. Drugs used in Intensive Care Unit: Drugs used in the ICU include vasopressors, sedatives, analgesics, and antibiotics.
27. List the causes of Gastritis: Causes of gastritis include Helicobacter pylori infection, excessive alcohol consumption, chronic use of NSAIDs, and stress.
28. Enumerate the clinical features of Tetanus: Clinical features of tetanus include muscle stiffness, trismus (lockjaw), muscle spasms, and difficulty swallowing.
29. Enumerate the types of Shock: Types of shock include hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, distributive shock, and obstructive shock.
30. List the complications of diabetes mellitus: Complications of diabetes mellitus include neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
31. Define Pain: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
32. Define Portal hypertension: Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system, often due to liver cirrhosis.
33. Enumerate the causes of Cor-pulmonale: Causes of cor-pulmonale include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension, and interstitial lung disease.
34. Mention the complications of anal fissure: Complications of anal fissure include chronic pain, bleeding, infection, and anal stenosis.
35. List the causes of Leukopenia: Causes of leukopenia include bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, severe infections, and certain medications.
36. Enlist the Clinical features of cholelithiasis: Clinical features of cholelithiasis include right upper quadrant pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.
37. List the Principles of dialysis: Principles of dialysis include diffusion, osmosis, ultrafiltration, and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
38. List the importance of sterilization: The importance of sterilization includes preventing infection, ensuring patient safety, and maintaining aseptic conditions in medical procedures.
39. Name four antihypertensive drugs: Four antihypertensive drugs are lisinopril, amlodipine, losartan, and hydrochlorothiazide.
40. List the types of fracture: Types of fracture include closed fracture, open fracture, comminuted fracture, and spiral fracture.
41. Enlist the deformities of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Deformities of rheumatoid arthritis include ulnar deviation, swan-neck deformity, boutonniere deformity, and hammer toe.
42. List the indications for continuous renal replacement therapy: Indications for continuous renal replacement therapy include acute kidney injury, fluid overload, severe electrolyte imbalances, and sepsis.
43. Enumerate the Etiology for Alopecia: Etiology for alopecia includes genetic factors, hormonal changes, autoimmune diseases, and stress.
44. List the Types of Incontinence: Types of incontinence include stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, and functional incontinence.
45. Define Acne Vulgaris: Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition characterized by the occurrence of pimples, blackheads, and cysts.
46. Define Phantom Pain: Phantom pain is pain that is felt in a part of the body that has been amputated.
47. List the complications of anal fissure: Complications of anal fissure include chronic pain, bleeding, infection, and anal stenosis.
48. Enlist the types of Sterilisation: Types of sterilization include steam sterilization, dry heat sterilization, chemical sterilization, and radiation sterilization.
49. Define Polycythemia: Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells in the bloodstream.
50. Name the Emergency Drugs used in operation theatre: Emergency drugs used in the operation theatre include epinephrine, atropine, lidocaine, and naloxone.
51. List the types of urinary incontinence: Types of urinary incontinence include stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, and functional incontinence.
52. Enumerate the clinical features of congestive cardiac failure: Clinical features of congestive cardiac failure include shortness of breath, peripheral edema, fatigue, and orthopnea.
53. Define Osteomalacia: Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones caused by defective bone mineralization, often due to vitamin D deficiency.
54. List the cause and prevention of dengue fever: Causes of dengue fever include the dengue virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Prevention includes mosquito control measures and avoiding mosquito bites.
55. Enumerate the principles of Asepsis: Principles of asepsis include hand hygiene, use of sterile equipment, maintaining a sterile field, and proper disinfection.
56. List the types of angina: Types of angina include stable angina, unstable angina, variant (Prinzmetal’s) angina, and microvascular angina.
57. List the Anti-tubercular drugs: Anti-tubercular drugs include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
58. Enumerate the management of hypovolemic shock: Management of hypovolemic shock includes fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, administration of vasopressors, and addressing the underlying cause.
59. Enlist the clinical features of nephritic syndrome: Clinical features of nephritic syndrome include hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema.
60. List the etiology of bronchial asthma: Etiology of bronchial asthma includes genetic factors, environmental triggers, allergens, and respiratory infections.
61. List four clinical manifestations of Chicken pox: Clinical manifestations of chickenpox include fever, itchy rash, vesicular lesions, and malaise.
62. Define Gastritis: Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be acute or chronic.
63. Enumerate Standard safety measures: Standard safety measures include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe injection practices, and respiratory hygiene.
64. List the etiology of Leukopenia: Causes of leukopenia include bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, severe infections, and certain medications.
65. List four complications of incontinence of urine: Complications of urinary incontinence include skin irritation, urinary tract infections, social isolation, and decreased quality of life.
66. Enumerate the clinical features of Gynecomastia: Clinical features of gynecomastia include enlargement of breast tissue in males, tenderness, and swelling.
67. Enumerate the steps of management of patient with dermatitis: Steps include identifying and avoiding triggers, using moisturizers, applying topical corticosteroids, and managing symptoms with antihistamines.
68. List the importance of Fumigation: Importance of fumigation includes controlling pests, preventing the spread of disease, and protecting stored goods.
69. Enumerate the clinical features of Osteomalacia: Clinical features of osteomalacia include bone pain, muscle weakness, fractures, and difficulty walking.
70. Enlist the complications of Anal Fissure: Complications of anal fissure include chronic pain, bleeding, infection, and anal stenosis.
71. Enumerate four clinical features of peptic ulcer: Clinical features of peptic ulcer include epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating.
72. Define ambulation: Ambulation refers to the ability to walk or move from one place to another.
73. List four etiology of empyema: Etiology of empyema includes bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, and thoracic surgery.
74. Enumerate the clinical features of hemorrhoids: Clinical features of hemorrhoids include rectal bleeding, pain, itching, and swelling around the anus.
75. Define polycythemia: Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells in the bloodstream.
76. Define Elasticity Hernias: Elasticity hernias are hernias that occur when the contents of the hernia sac can be reduced back into the abdomen, but the hernia remains elastic and recurrent.
77. List four clinical features of nephrotic syndrome: Clinical features of nephrotic syndrome include proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.
78. Enumerate four clinical features of fluid and electrolyte imbalance: Clinical features include dehydration, edema, muscle cramps, and confusion.
79. Define unconsciousness: Unconsciousness is a state in which a person is unresponsive and unaware of their surroundings.
80. Enumerate the etiology of dyspnoea: Etiology of dyspnoea includes respiratory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, anxiety, and anemia.
81. Define Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaques in the arterial walls, leading to narrowed and hardened arteries.
82. List the symptoms of Myocardial Infarction: Symptoms of myocardial infarction include chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, and nausea.
83. Enumerate the types of Stroke: Types of stroke include ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic attack (TIA).
84. Define Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs, commonly due to smoking.
85. List the risk factors for Hypertension: Risk factors for hypertension include age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high salt intake, and family history.
86. Define Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): DVT is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs, which can lead to serious complications if the clot travels to the lungs.
87. Enumerate the types of Renal Failure: Types of renal failure include acute renal failure and chronic renal failure.
88. List the clinical features of Hypothyroidism: Clinical features of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and constipation.
89. Define Multiple Sclerosis: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to demyelination and neurological symptoms.
90. Enumerate the causes of Cirrhosis: Causes of cirrhosis include chronic alcohol abuse, hepatitis B and C infections, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
91. List the complications of Chronic Kidney Disease: Complications of chronic kidney disease include anemia, bone disease, cardiovascular disease, and fluid overload.
92. List the signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism: Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, and tremors.
93. Enumerate the causes of Peripheral Artery Disease: Causes of peripheral artery disease include atherosclerosis, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension.
94. Define Sepsis: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body’s response to infection, leading to widespread inflammation and organ dysfunction.
95. List the complications of Pneumonia: Complications of pneumonia include pleural effusion, sepsis, lung abscess, and respiratory failure.
96. Define Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): GERD is a chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation.
97. List the causes of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Causes of UTI include bacterial infection, poor hygiene, urinary retention, and catheter use.
98. Enumerate the types of Angina: Types of angina include stable angina, unstable angina, variant (Prinzmetal’s) angina, and microvascular angina.
99. Define Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): ARDS is a severe lung condition characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs, leading to respiratory failure.