Microbiology 2Marks Q&A for semester exam

Microbiology 2 Marks

1. Name two contributions of Robert Koch.
   o Identified the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.
   o Developed Koch’s postulates for identifying pathogens.
2. Name two uses of Dettol Solution.
   o Antiseptic for minor cuts and wounds.
   o Disinfectant for household cleaning.
3. Name two killed vaccines.
   o Polio (Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine, IPV).
   o Hepatitis A vaccine.
4. Name two DNA viruses.
   o Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
   o Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).
5. Name two bacteria causing diarrhoea.
   o Escherichia coli.
   o Salmonella species.
6. Define bacteriophage.
   o A bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
7. Name two anti-parasitic drugs.
   o Metronidazole.
   o Albendazole.
8. Name two fungi causing otomycosis.
   o Aspergillus species.
   o Candida species.
9. Name two infections caused by herpes virus.
   o Herpes Simplex Virus (cold sores, genital herpes).
   o Varicella-Zoster Virus (chickenpox, shingles).
10. Define DTP vaccine.
    o A vaccine that protects against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis.
11. Define flagella.
    o Flagella are long, whip-like structures that help in bacterial motility.
12. Enlist the types of bacterial spores.
    o Endospores.
    o Exospores.
13. Name four clostridium species.
    o Clostridium tetani.
    o Clostridium botulinum.
    o Clostridium difficile.
    o Clostridium perfringens.
14. Define antibiotic-associated colitis. Name the causative agents.
    o Inflammation of the colon caused by antibiotic use.
    o Primarily caused by Clostridium difficile.
15. What is DPT vaccine? What is the route of administration?
    o A vaccine for Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus.
    o Administered intramuscularly.
16. Enumerate the types of ELISA.
    o Direct ELISA.
    o Indirect ELISA.
    o Sandwich ELISA.
    o Competitive ELISA.
17. Name four RNA viruses.
    o Influenza virus.
    o HIV.
    o Hepatitis C virus.
    o Rabies virus.
18. Define otomycotic fungi.
    o Fungi that cause ear infections.
19. Define Trichomonas vaginalis.
    o A protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis.
20. Name the infections caused by Ancylostoma duodenale.
    o Hookworm infection, leading to anemia and malnutrition.
21. Name two live vaccines.
    o Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine.
    o Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine.
22. Name two intestinal parasites.
    o Giardia lamblia.
    o Entamoeba histolytica.
23. List four phases of bacterial growth curve.
    o Lag phase.
    o Log (exponential) phase.
    o Stationary phase.
    o Death phase.
24. Define significant bacteriuria.
    o Presence of a high number of bacteria in the urine, indicating a urinary tract
    infection.
25. Enlist non-suppurative complications of Streptococcus pyogenes.
    o Rheumatic fever.
    o Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
26. Define inclusion body.
    o Intracellular aggregates of proteins or other substances.
    o Often found in viral infections.
27. Name two morphological forms of Entamoeba histolytica.
    o Trophozoite.
    o Cyst.
28. Define enrichment media.
    o A type of culture media used to enhance the growth of particular
    microorganisms.
29. Enumerate four uses of microbiology for nurses.
    o Infection control.
    o Understanding disease mechanisms.
    o Antibiotic stewardship.
    o Patient education.
30. Define oxidase test.
    o A test to identify bacteria that produce cytochrome oxidase.
31. Two differences between active and passive immunity.
    o Active immunity involves the production of antibodies by the host.
    o Passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another source.
32. Name four disinfectants used in the wards.
    o Alcohol.
    o Chlorine bleach.
    o Hydrogen peroxide.
    o Quaternary ammonium compounds.
33. Enumerate the uses of fumigation.
    o Sterilizing surgical instruments.
    o Disinfecting hospital rooms.
    o Pest control.
    o Preserving stored grains.
34. Draw a neat labelled diagram of HIV.
    o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
35. Define Negri bodies.
    o Cytoplasmic inclusions found in neurons infected by rabies virus.
36. Mention the arboviral disease seen in India.
    o Dengue fever.
37. Name two tapeworms.
    o Taenia solium.
    o Taenia saginata.
38. List four opportunistic fungi.
    o Candida species.
    o Aspergillus species.
    o Cryptococcus neoformans.
    o Pneumocystis jirovecii.
39. Mention two bacteria causing urinary tract infection.
    o Escherichia coli.
    o Proteus mirabilis.
40. Define coagulase test.
    o A test used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from other staphylococci by
    detecting the enzyme coagulase.
41. Draw a neat labelled diagram of IgA.
    o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
42. Define urease test.
    o A test used to identify bacteria that produce the enzyme urease.
43. Enlist the doses of DPT vaccine under one year age.
    o Initial dose at 2 months.
    o Second dose at 4 months.
    o Third dose at 6 months.
44. Define MacConkey’s agar.
    o A selective and differential culture medium for Gram-negative bacteria.
45. Write full form for RNTCP.
    o Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme.
46. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Trichomonas vaginalis.
    o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
47. Mention two bacteria causing meningitis.
    o Neisseria meningitidis.
    o Streptococcus pneumoniae.
48. Mention two vectors causing parasitic infection.
    o Anopheles mosquito (malaria).
    o Tsetse fly (sleeping sickness).
49. Define catalase test.
    o A test used to identify organisms that produce the enzyme catalase.
50. Draw a neat labelled diagram of IgM.
    o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
51. Define blood agar.
    o A nutrient-rich culture medium used to grow a variety of bacteria and detect
    hemolytic activity.
52. Define MMR vaccine.
    o A vaccine that protects against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella.
53. Name four gram-negative bacilli.
    o Escherichia coli.
    o Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    o Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    o Salmonella typhi.
54. Define malignant pustule.
    o A primary skin lesion caused by Bacillus anthracis, characterized by a black
    necrotic center.
55. Define differential media and give two examples.
    o Media that distinguish between different types of microorganisms based on
    their biological characteristics.
    o Examples: MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar.
56. Draw a labelled diagram of immunoglobulin M (IgM).
    o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
57. Enumerate morphology of Trichomonas.
    o Pear-shaped.
    o Four anterior flagella.
    o Undulating membrane.
58. Define gonococci.
    o Bacteria of the genus Neisseria, specifically Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which
    causes gonorrhea.
59. List two antiviral agents.
    o Acyclovir.
    o Oseltamivir.
60. Define interferon.
    o Proteins produced by host cells in response to viral infections that help inhibit
    viral replication.
61. List two contributions of Louis Pasteur.
    o Developed the process of pasteurization.
    o Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
62. Define Cryptosporidium.
    o A genus of protozoan parasites that cause cryptosporidiosis, leading to
    gastrointestinal illness.
63. Enumerate morphology of Aspergillus.
    o Septate hyphae.
    o Conidiophores with a swollen vesicle at the tip.
    o Radiating chains of conidia.
64. Define tyndallization.
    o A sterilization process involving intermittent heating to kill spores.
65. Name four toxins of streptococci.
    o Streptolysin O.
    o Streptolysin S.
    o Erythrogenic toxin.
    o Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Spe).
66. Name two bile-stained ova.
    o Ascaris lumbricoides.
    o Trichuris trichiura.
67. Name four malarial parasites.
    o Plasmodium falciparum.
    o Plasmodium vivax.
    o Plasmodium ovale.
    o Plasmodium malariae.
68. Define IgA.
    o Immunoglobulin A, an antibody that plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity.
69. Name four bacteria causing food poisoning.
    o Staphylococcus aureus.
    o Clostridium perfringens.
    o Salmonella species.
    o Escherichia coli.
70. Define indole test.
    o A biochemical test to determine the ability of an organism to produce indole
    from tryptophan.
71. Name four organisms causing UTI.
    o Escherichia coli.
    o Proteus mirabilis.
    o Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    o Enterococcus faecalis.
72. Name four enrichment media.
    o Blood agar.
    o Chocolate agar.
    o Selenite F broth.
    o Tetrathionate broth.
73. Name two arboviruses.
    o Dengue virus.
    o Zika virus.
74. Name two bacteria causing sexually transmitted diseases.
    o Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    o Treponema pallidum.
75. Define bacteriophage.
    o A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
76. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the egg of Ascaris lumbricoides.
    o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
77. Mention two blood-borne viral infections.
    o Hepatitis B.
    o HIV/AIDS.
78. Define local immunity.
    o Immunity that is restricted to a specific part of the body, such as mucosal
    surfaces.
79. Define oral polio vaccine.
    o A live attenuated vaccine administered orally to protect against poliomyelitis.
80. Name two transport media.
    o Stuart’s medium.
    o Amies medium.
81. Mention the lesions produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.
    o Pulmonary aspergillosis.
    o Aspergilloma (fungus ball).
82. Name two antiviral agents.
    o Acyclovir.
    o Oseltamivir.
83. Name two organisms causing urinary tract infections.
    o Escherichia coli.
    o Proteus mirabilis.
84. Name two dermatophytes.
    o Trichophyton rubrum.
    o Microsporum canis.
85. Define iatrogenic infection.
    o An infection resulting from medical treatment or procedures.
86. Name two DNA viruses.
    o Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
    o Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).
87. Name two methods of antibiotic sensitivity testing.
    o Disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) test.
    o E-test (Epsilometer test).
88. Name two motile bacteria.
    o Escherichia coli.
    o Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
89. Name two viruses causing diarrhoea.
    o Rotavirus.
    o Norovirus.
90. Name two gram-positive cocci.
    o Staphylococcus aureus.
    o Streptococcus pyogenes.
91. Name two diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.
    o Malaria.
    o Dengue fever.
92. Name two zoonotic diseases.
    o Rabies.
    o Lyme disease.
93. Define immunization.
    o The process by which a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious
    disease, typically by vaccination.
94. Define negative staining.
    o A technique used in microscopy to create a dark background, making the
    specimen appear lighter.
95. Write the principles of ELISA.
    o Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) detects the presence of
    antigens or antibodies using an enzyme-linked antigen or antibody as a
    marker.
96. Name two spirochetes.
    o Treponema pallidum.
    o Borrelia burgdorferi.
97. Define meningo cocci.
    o Neisseria meningitidis, a bacterium that causes meningitis.
98. Enumerate four principles in the collection of specimens.
    o Use sterile containers.
    o Collect before starting antibiotics.
    o Label accurately.
    o Transport promptly to the laboratory.
99. Name four gram-positive bacilli.
    o Bacillus anthracis.
    o Clostridium tetani.
    o Listeria monocytogenes.
    o Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
100. Define Negri bodies.
      Cytoplasmic inclusions found in neurons infected by rabies virus.
101. Define Cryptococcus.
      A genus of fungi, Cryptococcus neoformans, causing cryptococcosis, especially in
     immunocompromised individuals.
102. Name the types of mosquitoes producing malaria.
      Anopheles mosquitoes, specifically Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus.
103. Gaseous sterilization.
      A method of sterilization using gases like ethylene oxide to sterilize heat-sensitive
     items.
104. Catalase test.
      A test used to identify organisms that produce the enzyme catalase by breaking down
     hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
105. Name four methods of transmission of HIV virus.
      Sexual contact.
      Blood transfusion.
      Sharing needles.
      Mother-to-child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
106. Mantoux test.
      A skin test to detect tuberculosis infection by injecting purified protein derivative
     (PPD) under the skin.
107. VDRL test.
      A blood test to screen for syphilis by detecting antibodies produced in response to the
     infection.
108. Name four complications of Plasmodium falciparum.
      Cerebral malaria.
      Severe anemia.
      Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
      Kidney failure.
109. Name two fungal infections of the skin.
      Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot).
      Tinea corporis (ringworm).
110. Name two methods of pasteurization.
      High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST) pasteurization.
      Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) pasteurization.
111. Name four selective media.
      MacConkey agar.
      Mannitol salt agar.
      Thayer-Martin agar.
      Sabouraud dextrose agar.
112. Describe the egg of Ascaris lumbricoides.
      Oval-shaped.
      Thick, mammillated outer shell.
      Golden-brown color.
113. Name two methods to detect antibiotic sensitivity.
      Disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) test.
      E-test (Epsilometer test).
114. Draw IgG.
      (Diagram would be drawn here.)
115. Name two capsulated bacteria.
      Streptococcus pneumoniae.
      Haemophilus influenzae.
116. Name two agglutination tests.
      Widal test (for typhoid fever).
      Latex agglutination test.
117. Prophylaxis of hepatitis B.
      Hepatitis B vaccination.
      Immunoglobulin administration for post-exposure prophylaxis.
118. Diagram of influenza virus.
      (Diagram would be drawn here.)
119. Name two protozoal infections.
      Malaria (Plasmodium species).
      Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica).
120. Name two opportunistic fungi.
      Candida albicans.
      Pneumocystis jirovecii.
121. Infections caused by Streptococcus species.
      Pharyngitis (Strep throat).
      Scarlet fever.
122. Name two bacteria causing gas gangrene.
      Clostridium perfringens.
      Clostridium novyi.
123. Define cross infection and nosocomial infection.
      Cross infection: Infection transmitted between patients within a healthcare setting.
      Nosocomial infection: Hospital-acquired infection.
124. Define sterilization and disinfection.
      Sterilization: Complete elimination of all forms of microbial life.
      Disinfection: Reduction of microbial load to a safe level.
125. What are inclusion bodies? Give an example.
      Intracellular aggregates of proteins or other substances.
      Example: Negri bodies in rabies.
126. Name the antigen-presenting cells.
      Dendritic cells.
      Macrophages.
127. Mention the viruses causing the common cold.
      Rhinovirus.
      Coronavirus.
128. Define antiseptic.
      A substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms on living tissue.
129. Name the free-living amoeba.
      Naegleria fowleri.
      Acanthamoeba species.
130. Draw a neat diagram of Clostridium tetani.
      (Diagram would be drawn here.)
131. Define dimorphic fungi and give an example.
      Fungi that can exist in both yeast and mold forms.
      Example: Histoplasma capsulatum.
132. Mention the post-streptococcal sequelae.
      Rheumatic fever.
      Post-streptococcal gl